How Mississippi Inspired the Teddy Bear Phenomenon – Then(1903)

Being from Mississippi, it seems like we hardly ever receive the credit for anything positive.

But many great people and great things have come from the Hospitality State…

Foods like Mississippi Pot Roast and Mississippi Mud Pie.

People like Norman Freeman and Oprah Winfrey…

But there is one thing that hardly anyone associates with Mississippi.

Yet this one thing has become one of the most popular gifts ever for children…a cherished symbol of affection, congratulations or even sympathy…a source of inspiration for film, story and song…and often a collector’s item worthy of being adored and appreciated for generations.

The teddy bear.

cozy teddy bear on a bed with floral blanket
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So what does the teddy bear have to do with Mississippi?

In 1902, Andrew H. Longino, the 35th governor of Mississippi, , invited Roosevelt and some of his staff members to go bear hunting in Mississippi.

Interesting, because who really even dares to hunt bears? Seems dangerous to me.

Even more interesting, because I have lived in Mississippi for over 50 years and have never seen a bear other than in the zoo…

Although Ole Miss did supposedly change its mascot from the Rebel to the Mississippi Brown Bear a few years back in an attempt to be politically correct…(Lord, help us all)…

Anyway…

Most of the hunting party were able to scare and snare a bear…

close up photo of a grizzly bear
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Except for Roosevelt.

So, some of the members of the group set their hunting dogs on a long and exhausting chase to find a poor American black bear…without telling Roosevelt, of course.

The hunters cornered and clubbed a bear. Then they tied it to a willow tree, summoned Roosevelt to the site and suggested that he should shoot the bear.

However, Roosevelt refused to shoot the tethered bear…saying that this was unsportsmanlike.

Sounds like a pleasant hunting trip…but not necessarily a historic even that would impact society even 100 years later.

Also sounds like another American President perhaps as honest as Abraham Lincoln.

But remember, this decade was the heyday of political cartoons.

On November 16, 1902, a cartoon depicting this incident was published in The Washington Post.

The cartoon, published by Clifford Berryman, showed an adult black bear being lassoed two people – one an unidentified man, the other a disgusted American President.

This cartoon inspired Morris Michtom, a New York candy shop owner, to create a small soft bear cub toy.

He set this toy in his store window, along with a sign reading “Teddy’s bear.”

Surprisingly to him, “Teddy’s bear” went viral.

So viral in fact, that Michtom eventually was able to found the Ideal Novelty and Toy Co…(more on this later)

people taking part in social meeting
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And also popular enough to spark social controversy.

In 1907,  Michael G. Esper began a campaign against the teddy bear.

Esper, a Catholic priest in Michigan, declared teddy bears to be “horrible monstrosities.”

He claimed that replacing the “good old dolls” with teddy bears would be a big mistake. Girls would lose the urge to nurture babies. This would result in declining birth rates among the white population and racial suicide.

This movement attracted widespread but short-lived attention.

Thank goodness that they were unable to stop production of the teddy bear.

I still proudly hold on to my Teddy Ruxpin…daring anyone to touch it.

The Now: Air Purifiers

Even though almost all HVAC systems include filters, there are times when you desperately need to target fresh air into one particular room.

My one particular room was my husband’s home office…his man cave ever since the pandemic…the one room where he spends hours and hours surrounded by his two dogs and two cats.

Every time I walked in that room, I suddenly felt as if I was going to have an asthma attack.

So finding the perfect air purifier for his office suddenly became a top priority.

As I searched for that perfect air purifier, I came up with this list of questions that you might find helpful also…

When shopping for groceries, there are some foods that you know that you can skimp on and buy the cheaper or store brand…and other foods that are simply not the same if you really like a specific brand…like Duke’s mayo.

Appliances also come at all price points, but not all air purifiers work just as well.

There’s a reason that certain brands of air purifiers have been around for years and years…Stick to those brands that have been around for a while.

Cost:

How many of us hurried out and bought SodaStreams when they first were on the market.

And how many of us eventually donated them to Goodwill or re-gifted them  after finding that the cost of carbon cartridges needed to make drinks bubbly really added up quick.

Filters can cost anywhere from $25 to over $200. And filters also need to be changed regularly, depending on the filter that you get.  

So be warned…when shopping for an air purifier, also factor in the cost of filters.

Energy Efficiency: Air purifiers must run constantly to be effective. So you can expect your electricity bill to be higher. Look for an Energy Star-certified air purifier by checking for a blue-and-white sticker on the unit . These purifiers are 40 percent more energy-efficient than standard models. 

Noise: Some air purifiers specify their noise levels, shown in decibels. The goal is to choose a device that’s relatively quiet even at higher speeds. But take these numbers with a grain of salt. This noise level is assumed to be at the unit’s lowest fan speed…

Options: Extras can add convenience to an air purifier, but they’re not necessarily worth the added expense. Before buying a pricey smart unit with app support and all sort of modes, take some time to decide if you will truly need all those extra features.

Portability: These air purifiers are light enough to sit on a desk or shelf in your home office during the day…and then can be easily taken to the TV room in the evenings…and then taken into the bedroom while you sleep.

But if you’re having to drag it all over the house, are you actually going to do this every day?

And are you gonna be able to transport a large enough air purifier to condition the size of each room?

Room: Think of an air purifiers as a single space “heater.” Just as you would not expect a space heat to heat the entire house, you cannot expect an air purifier to clean the air in your entire house.

Ultimately, you should have an air purifier in each room of your house. But if you only want to buy one (or one at a time), put it in the room where you spend the most time.

Energy Efficiency: Air purifiers must run constantly to be effective. So you can expect your electricity bill to be higher. Look for an Energy Star-certified air purifier by checking for a blue-and-white sticker on the unit . These purifiers are 40 percent more energy-efficient than standard models. 

Noise: Some air purifiers specify their noise levels, shown in decibels. The goal is to choose a device that’s relatively quiet even at higher speeds. But take these numbers with a grain of salt. This noise level is assumed to be at the unit’s lowest fan speed…

Options: Extras can add convenience to an air purifier, but they’re not necessarily worth the added expense. Before buying a pricey smart unit with app support and all sort of modes, take some time to decide if you will truly need all those extra features.

Portability: These air purifiers are light enough to sit on a desk or shelf in your home office during the day…and then can be easily taken to the TV room in the evenings…and then taken into the bedroom while you sleep.

But if you’re having to drag it all over the house, are you actually going to do this every day?

And are you gonna be able to transport a large enough air purifier to condition the size of each room?

Room: Think of an air purifiers as a single space “heater.” Just as you would not expect a space heat to heat the entire house, you cannot expect an air purifier to clean the air in your entire house.

Ultimately, you should have an air purifier in each room of your house. But if you only want to buy one (or one at a time), put it in the room where you spend the most time.

The Birth of Modern Air Conditioning (1902): Willis Carrier’s Journey

Once Lyle accepted this business proposition, he turned to another employee Buffalo Forge named Willis Carrier.

At the time neither Lyle nor Carrier realized what an adventure they were fixing to go on together.

But energized by the puzzle, Carrier immediately got to work.

green and black industrial machine
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His first experiment was a suggestion from Timmis himself.

This experiment involved saturating a loosely woven burlap roller towel with solution of calcium chloride brine. This process did make the air less humid. However, this process also added heat, salt and odor to the air. This wasn’t going to work.

Then one day Carrier had a “lightbulb moment.”

This process relied heavily on the principle of condensation and laid the foundation for the development of climate control.

This process relied heavily on the principle of condensation andlaid the foundation for the development of climate control.

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On July 17, 1902, Carrier completed and initialed a set of mechanical drawings

Carrier then sent these drawings to Lyle to be installed at the Sackett & Wilhelms plant.

A year later after Carrier’s air conditioning design was installed at the printing press – on October 21, 1903 – Lyle reported in a letter to his home office that…

The cooling coils which we sold this company have given excellent results during the past summer.

His design with all of its fans, ducts, heaters, perforated steam pipes and temperature controls – had actually worked.

Modern air conditioning was born

So who was this extremely brilliant college graduate?

Willis Haviland Carrier was born November 26, 1876.

He was born at his family’s farm in Angelo, New York.

He graduated from Central High School in Buffalo, New York and earned a four-year scholarship to Cornell University.

After graduating from Cornell with a Master of Engineering degree in 1901, Carrier had joined the Buffalo Forge Company in Buffalo, New York,  as a research engineer.

His first assignment at this job was to design a heating system that could effectively dry lumber and coffee.

Carrier had already finished several designs – including designs for a heating plant, a lumber dry kiln and a coffee dryer.

But then…

The recent college grad completely changed the world…

It All Started with Paper

Walter Timmis was a consulting engineer at a Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing & Publishing Company oin Brooklyn, New York.

But this publishing company had a problem

Timmis turned to the Manhattan office of the Buffalo Forge Company, a company that designed and manufactured steam engines and pumps.

He explained this problem to J. Irvine Lyle, the head of Buffalo Forge’s sales activities in New York.

His printing paper was soaking up moisture because of the high temperatures and high levels of humidity in the printing press building. As a result, his paper expanded and contracted in size.

green and black industrial machine
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At the time, printing was a tedious process that involved running the printing press over a single piece of paper…applying one color of ink to the paper at a time.

By the time four different colors of ink were applied, the colors would be misaligned.

The company was turning out low-quality work.

The company was also wasting its resources and losing production days.

The problem was so bad that several of his most important clients threatened to take their work elsewhere.

Timms needed the Buffalo Forge to figure out how he could control humidity at the printing press.

industrial factory with emissions under blue sky
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Industrial Revolution

This was the middle of the Industrial Revolution.

Factories were being built by the dozen.

Yet nobody had yet figured out how to use “modern” technology to create a comfortable microclimate indoors. Previous attempts had not been efficient enough or had been too cumbersome for commercial use.

He recognized the importance of being able to control the humidity levels in a manufacturing environment.

He also thought he knew someone who could easily solve this dilemma.

So he accepted the proposal.

Hotter Than Hell

For thousands of years, humankind attempted to do something about the slow torture of hot weather.

These attempts involved…

  • electric power
  • ice made from steam engines
  • professional air-sniffers
  • refrigerated beds
  • slave power
  • ventilation amateurs
  • water power

Thankfully, someone finally invented “modern air conditioning.”

Air conditioning allowed people to live in places that were previously considered inhabitable – like the desserts of New Mexico and Arizona.

Air conditioning led directly to the success of movie theaters, especially afternoon matinees. People were willing to spend money simply to enjoy a break from the summer heat.

Air conditioning helped create better work environments for factory and office workers. Being able to work in an air-conditioned factory was an employee benefit right off the bat.

Not only that, air conditioning was great for the factories and businesses also. Workers were more productive working in a more comfortable environment.

Air-conditioning prevented millions of heat-related deaths.

Air conditioning is now seen as an expected necessity, not the luxury that our great-grandmothers thought that it was.

Even if we only seem to appreciate it when it’s 102 degrees in the shade.

So who are we to thank for finally creating the first modern air conditioner?

Probably some foreign guy whose name we could never pronounce even if we practiced all day?

No…

And obviously, modern air conditioning was invented to keep people comfortable hot, humid summer?

No again…

The answers may surprise you as much as they did me…

Boost Indoor Air Quality with Regular Vacuuming

Anyone else remember watching Carl Sagan talk about “billions and billions” of planets out there…

Well, that could also be how much “gross” stuff – allergens, dirt, dust mites, food particles, mold spores, pet hair and dander, pollen, pollutants – could be lurking way down in the nooks and crannies of your carpet fibers…

Thankfully, we no longer have to depend on Puffing Billy to come embarrass by dragging out these demons and devils that have come to rest on our precious floors…

We no longer have to worry about all of our demons being seen…piped out of our windows and into the lawn for all of God’s creation to see and laugh at.

But there are probably things that each of us could do to improve our vacuuming…

And if you’re like me, one of those things that we could…and probably should…be doing is vacuuming on a regular basis, not only when the floor is disgusting or company (or your mom) is coming over.

Free toothbrush toothpaste image

Regularly vacuuming, much like brushing your teeth, has too many benefits not to ignore…such as…

  • Better indoor air quality
  • Fewer pests, specifically ants and cockroaches
  • Healthier living environment
  • Improved air quality
  • Longer life enduranc of furnishings
  • More visually appealing home

To keep your floor looking their best year-round. Vacuum at least once a week. You may need to vacuum more frequently if you have pets.

You may need to vacuum high foot-traffic areas more frequently.

You might also want to vacuum more frequently in the spring or fall…when allergy season is at its peak. This will help improve indoor air quality

To keep your floor looking their best year-round. Vacuum at least once a week. You may need to vacuum more frequently if you have pets.

You may need to vacuum high foot-traffic areas more frequently.

You might also want to vacuum more frequently in the spring or fall…when allergy season is at its peak. This will help improve indoor air quality

young elephant in indoor habitat display
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The Elephant in the Room

It’s kinda hard to vacuum, if you don’t have a vacuum.

But even if you do have a vacuum, it can still be rather hard.

First of all, you should not have just any vacuum…you need to have the right vacuum for your specific needs.

Having the right tool for the job makes all the difference.

The “Elephant in the Room” Vacuum Cleaner

There are basically two lines of thought as far as the “big” vacuum cleaner: the canister vacuum cleaner or the upright vacuum cleaner.

This choice should be based on what type of surface you will be vacuuming most.

  • Hardwood or tile: Canister: Weigh less than upright vacuum cleaners…better at cleaning stairs, high areas and hard-to-reach spots…typically have softer brushes than other types of vacuums. These softer brushes will keep your floor from getting scratched.
  • Carpets or large areas: Upright: Stronger “suction” power and rotating brushes make upright vacuum cleaners the best vacuum cleaners for deep cleaning carpets

In addition to the “front and center” vacuum cleaner, you may want to consider adding these three vacuum cleaners to your cleaning arsenal also:

a woman cleaning a couch with a vacuum
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Cordless Handheld Vacuum Cleaner:   Who in their right mind wants to drag out the “Big Bertha” every time they feel like vacuuming?

Especially when all you need to do is vacuum up a small mess or vacuum in a particular area – such as car floors and couch cushions.

Thank God for these smaller, lightweight sisters…the perfect answer for vacuuming under the kitchen table every time you try to feed your two year old.

However, smaller handheld vacuum cleaners are not as powerful as their bigger sisters.

round robot vacuum
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Robot Vacuum Cleaners:

I never was quick to jump in on this bandwagon.

I have heard too many people complain about their robot vacuum cleaners not meeting their expectations…

These tech-savvy creations may be smart enough to navigate their way throughout your home on their own…and do a light dusting along the way…

But will they ever be able to replace the thoroughness of traditional vacuum cleaner being used by a real person?

I’ve never bought one, and probably never will.

But if you actually have one and are actually impressed, let me know.

a person cleaning a wooden floor using a vacuum cleaner
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Stick Vacuum Cleaners: These lightweight vacuum cleaners are also great when you don’t want to bring out “Big Bertha,”

And at the same time, don’t want to have to get down on your hands and knees to clean up a mess…(believe me, this gets older with age)…

Woman vacuuming carpet with vintage Whiz-Bang 5000 electric vacuum cleaner
A joyful woman cleans her living room with a charming vintage vacuum cleaner

The Then(1908): William Henry Hoover

Unfortunately, Spangler was unable to produce enough vacuum cleaners to stay out of debt.

He was also unable to find enough investors to keep his fledgling company afloat.

One of the first people to have bought one of Spangler’s sweepers had been very impressed. She was also his cousin.

After hearing of Spangler’s financial situation, she convinced her husband, William Henry “Boss” Hoover, and her son,  Herbert William Hoover Sr., into buying the patent for Spangler’s failing design.

Spangler sold the patent to William Henry Hoover in 1908,

Hoover had already started a successful leather goods business in the 1870s. The Hoover Company manufactured horse saddles.

However, his once booming business ran into financial trouble once the motor vehicles being produced by Henry Ford became more affordable to the general public.

Hoover realized the potential for Spangler’s simple design.

He upgraded Spangler’s original design by adding a steel casing, motor-driven brush rollers and disposable bags for the dirt and debris.

This model featured a wooden handle and a bag that still looked a lot like a pillowcase

This model was an initial success…a fact that is rather surprising.

At that time, only 10 percent of American households had electricity.

This model also was really expensive….retailing for $2,500 in today’s currency.

Sales of this 40-pound initial model were sluggish.

As initial excitement and sales of this expensive vacuum cleaner model began to decline, Hoover had to take action.

As a result, Hoover created a clever promotional campaign.

Hoover placed an ad in The Saturday Evening Post offering customers a 10-day free home trial of the vacuum cleaner to anyone who requested it.

He established a national network of local retailers to help facilitate the offer..and eventually sell the machines.

The company had sold 372 Model 0s by the end of 1908.

Eventually, there was a Hoover vacuum cleaner in nearly every home.

By 1912, sales had been made to Norway, France, Russia, Belgium, Holland and Scotland.

By the 1920s, Hoover became one of the most recognized home appliance brands worldwide..

As far as Spangler, he continued working as production supervisor for the company. He received royalties for his design.

He also received patents for numerous other designs before his death in 1915.

The Spangler family continued to receive royalties until 1925.

After Spangler’s death, Hoover changed the name of the company name to the Hoover Suction Sweeper Company.

Hoover’s initial investment of $36,000 ($1,290,000 today) eventually led to the creation of the Hoover Company, a company that dominated the vacuum cleaner industry for most of the 20th century.

Then(1907): Spangler’s Spangled Electric Suction Vacuum Cleaner

James Murray Spangler brought about the next significant leap towards the vacuum cleaner as we know it today

His vacuum cleaner was created out of a necessity…the necessity of treating his own asthma.

Spangler worked as a janitor in a department store in Canton, Ohio.

Spangler developed a chronic cough. He assumed that this cough was the result of the airborne dust being stirred up by the carpet sweeper he was using to clean the store.

Being a tinkerer and amateur inventor, he decided to solve this dilemma.

His design consisted of an old electric ceiling fan motor, a broom handle and one of his wife’s pillowcases.

This device is said to be the first “portable, electric vacuum cleaner.”

This was also the first vacuum cleaner that was lightweight enough and practical enough for household use.

This vacuum cleaner was also the first vacuum cleaner powered by electricity instead of a gasoline-powered motor.

After improving this first design, Spangler obtained a patent for this design on June 2, 1908.

He soon formed the Electric Suction Sweeper Company.

This was a family business. His son helped him assemble the machines. His daughter assembled the dust bags.

However, they were only able to produce two or three vacuum cleaners each week.

Hubert Cecil Booth and His “Puffing Billy” Vacuum

On August 30, 1901, Hubert Cecil Booth, a British engineer,  patented a motorized vacuum cleaner that he had named “Puffing Billy.”

Booth had been inspired by Thurman’s “pneumatic carpet renovator” after watching a demonstration in London.

Booth realized that reversing the air direction could improve its ability to clean. Vacuum cleaners should suck trash and debris towards themselves, not push it away.

This vacuum-cleaning monster was enormous…weighing four thousand pounds.

On cleaning days, “Puffing Billy” would arrive at the customer’s home or business in a horse-drawn carriage that had been painted red to resemble a 19th-century firetruck

Crowds would then watch as long hoses were run from the street and through the windows, reaching into all parts of the building.

As the loud engines roared, they stood amazed as they saw astonishing quantities of dust and debris being piled up inside the glass-walled receptacle.

westminster abbey front view in london
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In 1902, King Edward VII was coronated.

As part of the preparation for this coronation, Booth used the Puffing Billy to clean the blue “Coronation carpet” underneath the throne at Westminster Abbey.

This high-profile gig influenced other wealthy British households to hire Puffing Billy. As did the heads of state in France, Russia and Turkey. Noblemen who purchased Booth’s machine include Tzar Nicholas II of Russia and Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany.

Not only that…

Twenty-six tons of dust were removed from the girders of Crystal Palace during an outbreak of spotted fever during World War One.

Success of Booth’s horse-drawn vacuum led to wealthy families in London and New York installing their own gas-powered vacuum pumps inside their homes to be operated by the “help.”

By 1903, society hostesses everywhere were throwing “vacuum cleaner” parties so their friends could watch the machines in amazement.

Yet Booth found himself surrounded not only with a list of negative reviews and a string of court cases. Many people complained about the disruption that the machine caused on the streets, especially frightening horses.

However, Booth was able to finally convince both judge and jury that his powerful machine was the only vacuum cleaner at the time that actually worked.

Despite the drama and theatre of Booth’s machine, the basic technology and the suction principle was the same as in most vacuum cleaners today.

The Puffing Billy system is considered the first true suction-based vacuum cleaner – a significant leap in cleaning technology.

The Then: Bissell and the First American Female CEO

American entrepreneur Melville Bissell patented his Bissell sweeper in 1876.

The Bissell sweeper dominated the carpet-cleaning market for the next 40 years.

More memorable than his first actual sweeper, perhaps, is the story of his wife Anna.

Anna helped make “Bissell” a familiar name.

In the time before influencers and social media, she created a successful marketing campaign. She promised women that the newfangled Bissell sweeper would end the drudgery and exhaustion of cleaning carpets.

In 1889, following her husband’s unexpected death, Anna became the first female CEO in American history. She oversaw the production of 1,000 sweepers a day. At this time, Bissell had factories in the United States, Canada and Europe.

And Bissell remains a household name even now.