How Mississippi Inspired the Teddy Bear Phenomenon – Then(1903)

Being from Mississippi, it seems like we hardly ever receive the credit for anything positive.

But many great people and great things have come from the Hospitality State…

Foods like Mississippi Pot Roast and Mississippi Mud Pie.

People like Norman Freeman and Oprah Winfrey…

But there is one thing that hardly anyone associates with Mississippi.

Yet this one thing has become one of the most popular gifts ever for children…a cherished symbol of affection, congratulations or even sympathy…a source of inspiration for film, story and song…and often a collector’s item worthy of being adored and appreciated for generations.

The teddy bear.

cozy teddy bear on a bed with floral blanket
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So what does the teddy bear have to do with Mississippi?

In 1902, Andrew H. Longino, the 35th governor of Mississippi, , invited Roosevelt and some of his staff members to go bear hunting in Mississippi.

Interesting, because who really even dares to hunt bears? Seems dangerous to me.

Even more interesting, because I have lived in Mississippi for over 50 years and have never seen a bear other than in the zoo…

Although Ole Miss did supposedly change its mascot from the Rebel to the Mississippi Brown Bear a few years back in an attempt to be politically correct…(Lord, help us all)…

Anyway…

Most of the hunting party were able to scare and snare a bear…

close up photo of a grizzly bear
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Except for Roosevelt.

So, some of the members of the group set their hunting dogs on a long and exhausting chase to find a poor American black bear…without telling Roosevelt, of course.

The hunters cornered and clubbed a bear. Then they tied it to a willow tree, summoned Roosevelt to the site and suggested that he should shoot the bear.

However, Roosevelt refused to shoot the tethered bear…saying that this was unsportsmanlike.

Sounds like a pleasant hunting trip…but not necessarily a historic even that would impact society even 100 years later.

Also sounds like another American President perhaps as honest as Abraham Lincoln.

But remember, this decade was the heyday of political cartoons.

On November 16, 1902, a cartoon depicting this incident was published in The Washington Post.

The cartoon, published by Clifford Berryman, showed an adult black bear being lassoed two people – one an unidentified man, the other a disgusted American President.

This cartoon inspired Morris Michtom, a New York candy shop owner, to create a small soft bear cub toy.

He set this toy in his store window, along with a sign reading “Teddy’s bear.”

Surprisingly to him, “Teddy’s bear” went viral.

So viral in fact, that Michtom eventually was able to found the Ideal Novelty and Toy Co…(more on this later)

people taking part in social meeting
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And also popular enough to spark social controversy.

In 1907,  Michael G. Esper began a campaign against the teddy bear.

Esper, a Catholic priest in Michigan, declared teddy bears to be “horrible monstrosities.”

He claimed that replacing the “good old dolls” with teddy bears would be a big mistake. Girls would lose the urge to nurture babies. This would result in declining birth rates among the white population and racial suicide.

This movement attracted widespread but short-lived attention.

Thank goodness that they were unable to stop production of the teddy bear.

I still proudly hold on to my Teddy Ruxpin…daring anyone to touch it.

The Birth of Modern Air Conditioning (1902): Willis Carrier’s Journey

Once Lyle accepted this business proposition, he turned to another employee Buffalo Forge named Willis Carrier.

At the time neither Lyle nor Carrier realized what an adventure they were fixing to go on together.

But energized by the puzzle, Carrier immediately got to work.

green and black industrial machine
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His first experiment was a suggestion from Timmis himself.

This experiment involved saturating a loosely woven burlap roller towel with solution of calcium chloride brine. This process did make the air less humid. However, this process also added heat, salt and odor to the air. This wasn’t going to work.

Then one day Carrier had a “lightbulb moment.”

This process relied heavily on the principle of condensation and laid the foundation for the development of climate control.

This process relied heavily on the principle of condensation andlaid the foundation for the development of climate control.

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On July 17, 1902, Carrier completed and initialed a set of mechanical drawings

Carrier then sent these drawings to Lyle to be installed at the Sackett & Wilhelms plant.

A year later after Carrier’s air conditioning design was installed at the printing press – on October 21, 1903 – Lyle reported in a letter to his home office that…

The cooling coils which we sold this company have given excellent results during the past summer.

His design with all of its fans, ducts, heaters, perforated steam pipes and temperature controls – had actually worked.

Modern air conditioning was born

So who was this extremely brilliant college graduate?

Willis Haviland Carrier was born November 26, 1876.

He was born at his family’s farm in Angelo, New York.

He graduated from Central High School in Buffalo, New York and earned a four-year scholarship to Cornell University.

After graduating from Cornell with a Master of Engineering degree in 1901, Carrier had joined the Buffalo Forge Company in Buffalo, New York,  as a research engineer.

His first assignment at this job was to design a heating system that could effectively dry lumber and coffee.

Carrier had already finished several designs – including designs for a heating plant, a lumber dry kiln and a coffee dryer.

But then…

The recent college grad completely changed the world…

Hotter Than Hell

For thousands of years, humankind attempted to do something about the slow torture of hot weather.

These attempts involved…

  • electric power
  • ice made from steam engines
  • professional air-sniffers
  • refrigerated beds
  • slave power
  • ventilation amateurs
  • water power

Thankfully, someone finally invented “modern air conditioning.”

Air conditioning allowed people to live in places that were previously considered inhabitable – like the desserts of New Mexico and Arizona.

Air conditioning led directly to the success of movie theaters, especially afternoon matinees. People were willing to spend money simply to enjoy a break from the summer heat.

Air conditioning helped create better work environments for factory and office workers. Being able to work in an air-conditioned factory was an employee benefit right off the bat.

Not only that, air conditioning was great for the factories and businesses also. Workers were more productive working in a more comfortable environment.

Air-conditioning prevented millions of heat-related deaths.

Air conditioning is now seen as an expected necessity, not the luxury that our great-grandmothers thought that it was.

Even if we only seem to appreciate it when it’s 102 degrees in the shade.

So who are we to thank for finally creating the first modern air conditioner?

Probably some foreign guy whose name we could never pronounce even if we practiced all day?

No…

And obviously, modern air conditioning was invented to keep people comfortable hot, humid summer?

No again…

The answers may surprise you as much as they did me…

Boost Indoor Air Quality with Regular Vacuuming

Anyone else remember watching Carl Sagan talk about “billions and billions” of planets out there…

Well, that could also be how much “gross” stuff – allergens, dirt, dust mites, food particles, mold spores, pet hair and dander, pollen, pollutants – could be lurking way down in the nooks and crannies of your carpet fibers…

Thankfully, we no longer have to depend on Puffing Billy to come embarrass by dragging out these demons and devils that have come to rest on our precious floors…

We no longer have to worry about all of our demons being seen…piped out of our windows and into the lawn for all of God’s creation to see and laugh at.

But there are probably things that each of us could do to improve our vacuuming…

And if you’re like me, one of those things that we could…and probably should…be doing is vacuuming on a regular basis, not only when the floor is disgusting or company (or your mom) is coming over.

Free toothbrush toothpaste image

Regularly vacuuming, much like brushing your teeth, has too many benefits not to ignore…such as…

  • Better indoor air quality
  • Fewer pests, specifically ants and cockroaches
  • Healthier living environment
  • Improved air quality
  • Longer life enduranc of furnishings
  • More visually appealing home

To keep your floor looking their best year-round. Vacuum at least once a week. You may need to vacuum more frequently if you have pets.

You may need to vacuum high foot-traffic areas more frequently.

You might also want to vacuum more frequently in the spring or fall…when allergy season is at its peak. This will help improve indoor air quality

To keep your floor looking their best year-round. Vacuum at least once a week. You may need to vacuum more frequently if you have pets.

You may need to vacuum high foot-traffic areas more frequently.

You might also want to vacuum more frequently in the spring or fall…when allergy season is at its peak. This will help improve indoor air quality

young elephant in indoor habitat display
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The Elephant in the Room

It’s kinda hard to vacuum, if you don’t have a vacuum.

But even if you do have a vacuum, it can still be rather hard.

First of all, you should not have just any vacuum…you need to have the right vacuum for your specific needs.

Having the right tool for the job makes all the difference.

The “Elephant in the Room” Vacuum Cleaner

There are basically two lines of thought as far as the “big” vacuum cleaner: the canister vacuum cleaner or the upright vacuum cleaner.

This choice should be based on what type of surface you will be vacuuming most.

  • Hardwood or tile: Canister: Weigh less than upright vacuum cleaners…better at cleaning stairs, high areas and hard-to-reach spots…typically have softer brushes than other types of vacuums. These softer brushes will keep your floor from getting scratched.
  • Carpets or large areas: Upright: Stronger “suction” power and rotating brushes make upright vacuum cleaners the best vacuum cleaners for deep cleaning carpets

In addition to the “front and center” vacuum cleaner, you may want to consider adding these three vacuum cleaners to your cleaning arsenal also:

a woman cleaning a couch with a vacuum
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Cordless Handheld Vacuum Cleaner:   Who in their right mind wants to drag out the “Big Bertha” every time they feel like vacuuming?

Especially when all you need to do is vacuum up a small mess or vacuum in a particular area – such as car floors and couch cushions.

Thank God for these smaller, lightweight sisters…the perfect answer for vacuuming under the kitchen table every time you try to feed your two year old.

However, smaller handheld vacuum cleaners are not as powerful as their bigger sisters.

round robot vacuum
Photo by Jens Mahnke on Pexels.com

Robot Vacuum Cleaners:

I never was quick to jump in on this bandwagon.

I have heard too many people complain about their robot vacuum cleaners not meeting their expectations…

These tech-savvy creations may be smart enough to navigate their way throughout your home on their own…and do a light dusting along the way…

But will they ever be able to replace the thoroughness of traditional vacuum cleaner being used by a real person?

I’ve never bought one, and probably never will.

But if you actually have one and are actually impressed, let me know.

a person cleaning a wooden floor using a vacuum cleaner
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Stick Vacuum Cleaners: These lightweight vacuum cleaners are also great when you don’t want to bring out “Big Bertha,”

And at the same time, don’t want to have to get down on your hands and knees to clean up a mess…(believe me, this gets older with age)…

Woman vacuuming carpet with vintage Whiz-Bang 5000 electric vacuum cleaner
A joyful woman cleans her living room with a charming vintage vacuum cleaner

Then(1907): Spangler’s Spangled Electric Suction Vacuum Cleaner

James Murray Spangler brought about the next significant leap towards the vacuum cleaner as we know it today

His vacuum cleaner was created out of a necessity…the necessity of treating his own asthma.

Spangler worked as a janitor in a department store in Canton, Ohio.

Spangler developed a chronic cough. He assumed that this cough was the result of the airborne dust being stirred up by the carpet sweeper he was using to clean the store.

Being a tinkerer and amateur inventor, he decided to solve this dilemma.

His design consisted of an old electric ceiling fan motor, a broom handle and one of his wife’s pillowcases.

This device is said to be the first “portable, electric vacuum cleaner.”

This was also the first vacuum cleaner that was lightweight enough and practical enough for household use.

This vacuum cleaner was also the first vacuum cleaner powered by electricity instead of a gasoline-powered motor.

After improving this first design, Spangler obtained a patent for this design on June 2, 1908.

He soon formed the Electric Suction Sweeper Company.

This was a family business. His son helped him assemble the machines. His daughter assembled the dust bags.

However, they were only able to produce two or three vacuum cleaners each week.

Hubert Cecil Booth and His “Puffing Billy” Vacuum

On August 30, 1901, Hubert Cecil Booth, a British engineer,  patented a motorized vacuum cleaner that he had named “Puffing Billy.”

Booth had been inspired by Thurman’s “pneumatic carpet renovator” after watching a demonstration in London.

Booth realized that reversing the air direction could improve its ability to clean. Vacuum cleaners should suck trash and debris towards themselves, not push it away.

This vacuum-cleaning monster was enormous…weighing four thousand pounds.

On cleaning days, “Puffing Billy” would arrive at the customer’s home or business in a horse-drawn carriage that had been painted red to resemble a 19th-century firetruck

Crowds would then watch as long hoses were run from the street and through the windows, reaching into all parts of the building.

As the loud engines roared, they stood amazed as they saw astonishing quantities of dust and debris being piled up inside the glass-walled receptacle.

westminster abbey front view in london
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In 1902, King Edward VII was coronated.

As part of the preparation for this coronation, Booth used the Puffing Billy to clean the blue “Coronation carpet” underneath the throne at Westminster Abbey.

This high-profile gig influenced other wealthy British households to hire Puffing Billy. As did the heads of state in France, Russia and Turkey. Noblemen who purchased Booth’s machine include Tzar Nicholas II of Russia and Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany.

Not only that…

Twenty-six tons of dust were removed from the girders of Crystal Palace during an outbreak of spotted fever during World War One.

Success of Booth’s horse-drawn vacuum led to wealthy families in London and New York installing their own gas-powered vacuum pumps inside their homes to be operated by the “help.”

By 1903, society hostesses everywhere were throwing “vacuum cleaner” parties so their friends could watch the machines in amazement.

Yet Booth found himself surrounded not only with a list of negative reviews and a string of court cases. Many people complained about the disruption that the machine caused on the streets, especially frightening horses.

However, Booth was able to finally convince both judge and jury that his powerful machine was the only vacuum cleaner at the time that actually worked.

Despite the drama and theatre of Booth’s machine, the basic technology and the suction principle was the same as in most vacuum cleaners today.

The Puffing Billy system is considered the first true suction-based vacuum cleaner – a significant leap in cleaning technology.

The Then: Bissell and the First American Female CEO

American entrepreneur Melville Bissell patented his Bissell sweeper in 1876.

The Bissell sweeper dominated the carpet-cleaning market for the next 40 years.

More memorable than his first actual sweeper, perhaps, is the story of his wife Anna.

Anna helped make “Bissell” a familiar name.

In the time before influencers and social media, she created a successful marketing campaign. She promised women that the newfangled Bissell sweeper would end the drudgery and exhaustion of cleaning carpets.

In 1889, following her husband’s unexpected death, Anna became the first female CEO in American history. She oversaw the production of 1,000 sweepers a day. At this time, Bissell had factories in the United States, Canada and Europe.

And Bissell remains a household name even now.

The Then(1900): The Fly Swatter

Blue plastic fly swatter with a mesh head and textured handle
A blue plastic fly swatter designed for household pest control.

Many of the things that were invented between 1900 and 1940 are so c ommonplace these days that we hardly even think about them.

Take for example, the fly swatter.

As June is busting out all over our great state of Texas, we all find ourselves doing anything and everything that we can to win the war over flying insects.

Although flies have always been an unwanted guest to our homes and parties, the flyswatters that we all take for granted today were not even available until the early 20th century.

Why the early 20th Century?

Because this is perhaps the first time Americans took a good look at reality.

Public health awareness campaigns and new inventions were slowly changing our country, and the health of its citizens, for the better.

No more empty sewage being emptied into public streets!!!

Indoor plumbing!!!

So how long did is finally take people to realize that attaching a small four-inch piece of mesh to a two-foot long handle could help get rid of masty gnats?

And did someone actually receive a patent for this invention?

Yes.

In 1900, Robert R. Montgomery received the patent for a “fly-killer,” the first wire-mesh device specifically designed for killing flies.

Within the next two years, Montgomery and his sons produced over half a million models of his “King Fly Killer.”

The following year, he sold this patent to John L. Bennett, a wealthy inventor and industrialist, who began mass-producing these wire-mesh fly killers and making further improvements on the design.

But the fly swatter was still not called a “fly swatter” until 1906.

That year Samuel Crumbine, a physician serving as the Kansas Secretary of Public Health, began a campaign to help people realize the importance of personal hygiene and disease prevention.

This campaign was primary focused on killing flies.

His source of inpiration for the word “flyswatter” was the cheers of local fans at a softball game in Topeka. The crowd’s pleas to “Swat the Ball” soon became “Swat the Fly”…

And the rest is history.

As are the flies (hopefully)…

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You Mean Somebody Actually Got a Patent for Inventing That(?!)…

Compared to homemakers in the late 1800 and early 1900s, we as Americans live a pretty placid life.

This was the goal of a small group of people meeting at Lake Placid, New York.

You may have heard of Lake Placid…probably because this is where the 1980 Olympics were held.

This is also where the field of “home economics” began as a group of They met in September 1899 to discuss the scientific study of domestic issues and women’s roles in society.

The group met from 1899 until 1908, hoping to

The goal of these early stages of the home economics movement was to improve the cleanliness and nutrition within the home.

These early home economists – teachers, nutritionists, administrators – were primarily concerned about germs.

The group also hoped to establish home economics as a distinct academic and professional discipline.

After all, President Garfield supposedly died simply because the doctor who treated him after he was shot failed to wash his hands…(excellent movie if you haven’t seen it)…

When home economics was first taken seriously, America was a completely different world.

Any hot water or food was prepared over a coal fire.

Food was never refrigerated.

Home water came from a nearby well.w

Only the wealthy owned cars. 

In 1912, only 16 percent of homes had electricity. In eight years the percentage of homes with electricity more than doubled.

But by the 1920s the goal of home economists was to help homemakers make wise decisions about new developments made after World War I.

So without a further discussion of the history of home economics, I would like to share with you what some of these early developments were…new things that most of us take for granted these days.

Timeline of household technology in the 20th century

  • 1900:      Fly swatter, thumbtack
  • 1901:       First electric vacuum cleaner
  • 1902:      Air conditioner, teddy bear
  • 1904:      Teabags, banana split
  • 1905:      Windshield wipers
  • 1907:       Curtain rod, paper towel
  • 1908:      Candy apple
  • 1909:      Instant coffee
  • 1910:       Talking motion picture
  • 1911:        Life Savers candy
  • 1912:       Electric blanket, electric traffic light
  • 1913:       Electric refrigerators, bra
  • 1915:       Toaster with an automatic bread-turning mechanism. Pyrex
  • 1916:       Stainless steel, hamburger bun, tow truck, light switch
  • 1917:       Modern zipper, Lincoln logs
  • 1918:       Grocery bag, French dip sandwich, Blender, Pop-up toaster
  • 1920:       Eskimo Pie, Band-Aids
  • 1921:       First commercial-grade refrigerators, garage doors
  • 1922:       First 3D movie, convertible car
  • 1923:       Frozen food invented by Clarence Birdseye, bulldozer, Q-tips
  • 1924       Notebooks with spiral bindings, cheeseburger
  • 1925:       Masking tape, Reuben sandwich
  • 1926:      Garage door opener, Drive-through windows
  • 1927:       electric washing machine, PEZ candy, jukebox, garbage disposal, pressure washer, Kool-Aid, corn dog,
  • 1928: Recliner, ice cube tray, bubble gum, electric razor
  • 1929 modern Tampon with applicator, eyelash curler, sunglasses
  • 1930:      Electric dishwasher designed for home use, Scotch tape, Philly cheesesteak, chocolate chip cookies
  • 1931        Bug zapper
  • 1932        FM radio, toilet brush, staple remover, tape dispenser
  • 1934       Charles Darrow claims he invented the game Monopoly
  • 1935        nylon, parking meter
  • 1936:      Bell Labs invents the voice recognition machine.
  • 1937:       First modern front-loading washing machine, photocopier, shopping cart, polarized sunglasses, soft-serve ice cream
  • 1938       Ballpoint pen, Nescafe or freeze-dried coffee
  • 1939        Helicopter, yield signs, twist ties, ATM
  • 1940       Modern color television, the Jeep, deodorant
  • 1941        Aeresol cans
  • 1943       Slinky, Silly Putty
  • 1945       Atomic bomb
  • 1946       Microwave oven
  • 1947        Tupperware
  • 1948       Frisbee, Velcro, Jukebox
  • 1949       Cake mix

The Mother of All Modern Mothers

And so where did the study of home economics take place?

Who first recognized the need to teach these basic “life skills” to college women, and the few college men that signed up for these classes, in the late 1800s?

Perhaps the mother of mothers…the one person responsible for first teaching women how to be homemakers and mothers was Mary  Beaumont Welch.

Welch was a professor at Iowa State Agricultural College, the school that would eventually become known as Iowa State..

Welch taught classes in botany, chemistry, geology, physics and physiology at the Iowa Agricultural College.

She was married to Adonijah Welch, a U.S. senator from Florida and later the first president of Iowa State Agricultural College from 1869 until 1883.

As a young woman, Welch had trained in “domestic skills” in both New York and London. This training helped Welch realize that Americans did not understand or appreciate the importance of home economics.

As the wife of the college president, Welch had a unique opportunity to teach the importance of domestic skills.

She began teaching the very first college-level “home economics” classes.

She began in 1872 by teaching classes on cooking in her home.

Within three years, she had established a Department of Domestic Economy, complete with its own fully-equipped kitchen…the first such facility at any American college. She served as head of this department from 1875 to 1883. 

Lectures given by Welch included lectures on home furnishing and arrangement, water supply and drainage, labor management, health care and nursing, accounting, hospitality, etiquette and entertaining.

Welch also realized that there were no textbooks or even reference materials designed for teaching home economics.

So she began writing a book that would share the information that she had been teaching in her classes.

Her goal was to show that household management was “a practical endeavor and of great importance to the social welfare of the community and nation.”  She wanted to improve dietary standards and living conditions in Iowa by training college women as “proper homemakers.”

The book was published in 1884 and simply called “Mrs. Welch’s Cookbook.”

Even though these days, none of us could actually attend her lectures, her cookbook is still available to those interested in the beginning days of home economics.

Honestly, I haven’t read this book yet. I just ordered it from Amazon.

But this is the one non-fiction book that I will be reading this month. Should be interesting. Come read it with me so that we can share what we learn.